2011年高考英語大解析，題中窺法——上海新東方優能中學個性化名師解析高考真題
/朝聞通/上海新東方優能中學個性化英語教研組
2011年高考英語科目考試結束了，一直以來，上海市英語教育作為全國英語教育的領跑者，在注重對學生基本知識點考查的同時，緊密結合各類社會熱點問題，穩中求變，異中求同，考查學生對整體英語知識的綜合把握，既考查英文能力，又考查了學生的思維和邏輯推斷力。以下是優能中學個性化英語教研組對今年高考英語真題的解析，以便從中窺視出高考英語的命題動态以及英語學習所需要的方法和技巧。
一. 聽力語法部分
近幾年英語高考都體現出了重視考生能力的特點，而從2011年高考英語聽力來看，這一趨勢進一步強化。
第一部分短對話題，10題中句意理解題占了6題，對考生地道英語口語表達的積累提出了非常高的要求。将考生熟悉的單詞組成陌生的口語表達，要求學生在平時的學習中多一些學習的主動性，将單詞運用于聽、說、讀、寫的實踐中，在此過程中獲得更多的語言常識。聽力短對話從聽出細節到聽懂弦外之音的過渡，将有利于通過高考選拔出真正喜歡英語、主動學習、有良好的英語學習和運用習慣的優秀學生。
第二部分短文題第一段難度明顯提高，不再是簡單的故事題。此次的第一段短文聽力具備很強的實用性，介紹的内容與實事接軌，無疑肯定了高考英語體現素質教育大方向的趨勢。第二段又一次抛開了新聞題的套路，而是選用更具實用性的講座、介紹類場景。此次選用的對哈佛大學教育理念的介紹，同樣明确了将英語回歸于語言文化的趨勢。英語學習如果隻停留在中文環境中，将永遠無法達到學習語言的最終目的——交流。
第三部分表格題，内容再一次來源于西方文化。無論是與餐廳有關的投訴場景還是兩名學生關于長、短期記憶的讨論，均要求考生了解一定的西方文化背景和地道語言表達。比如，很多考生因為對dumps the rubbish中的dump不熟悉，而構成理解上的困難。倒垃圾的“倒”字，在西方文化中究竟應該用哪一個，用詞的準确性不是一朝一夕就可以速成的。
從2011年高考聽力看英語學習方向，高一、高二的學生應趁早以高考英語對考生的要求為指導，調整英語學習的習慣，發掘學習的樂趣，将英語學習從應試的過程轉化為自我提高和充實的過程，英語整體能力的提高将在此過程中成就于無形。有了堅實的英語能力基礎，在高考前加以應試技巧方面的點撥，高考英語高分絕不是夢想。
對于語法部分，今年的考題中規中矩，難度不大，題型上也沒有太大的改變，考生應對起來比較自如。
二． 完型閱讀
2011年完型填空部分相比2010年，要簡單許多，全文說的是人員流失問題，重點考察邏輯關系，行文思路清晰，學生可以通過辨析邏輯關系和上下文提示做出答案。
閱讀理解第一篇說的是個人童年經曆，夾叙夾議，難度不大，考察學生基本閱讀能力，隻要看懂題目都可以做出。
閱讀理解第二篇關于魚類問題，屬于科普性質。要求學生在短時間内抓住題幹定位，快速做題。
閱讀理解第三篇難度較大，是拉開差距的主要篇目.法律不允許考古的話題是學生平時不夠熟悉的。
配對題與前幾年相比沒有較大變化，難度适中。
這次的簡答題難度較大，字數要求在8個字以内，這是之前的模拟題中沒有遇見過的。有些答案不能從原文照抄，對學生本身的英語概括和理解能力有較高要求。
從這次閱讀題目來看，文章主題内容較為深刻，涉及職業，科普和法律等問題，信息量大，語言地道，内容都是平時學生不太接觸的話題，考察學生知識面是否廣泛，要求學生在平時的學習中對于課外知識要有一定了解。
三．寫作部分
對于2011年的英語寫作部分，大部分的學生都反映今年英語考題偏難，現在我們就一起來解讀一下剛剛出爐不久的英語作文真題。
今年考題是特殊文體裡面的書信文，其以申請信為依托，重點考查了建議計劃類文章的寫法。可以說今年高考依舊考查的是我們的重點知識和作文常見類型。文章要求考生向一個基金會申請2000元做個項目來支持貧困學生，需要包含以下的一些要點1.介紹自己 2.項目具體實施方案 3.2000元如何利用
文章題幹給出了大綱，首先進行簡單的自我介紹；然後開始寫自己對整個項目的策劃；并且還要對這2000塊錢的花法進行具體闡述。有些學生覺得這種文章棘手，難于平常所寫，這是因為本次考題的确是對我們傳統文章的一種創新；但是萬變不離其宗，揭開那層神秘的面紗，依舊可以運用到我們平常所講的具有較強遷移性的各種寫作技巧和知識。
首先，本次考題以申請信為主線，因此全文是以回信形式展開的，平常在課堂上我們所歸納的很多書信類文章的用法都可以直接用上。比如開頭：I am writing to you with reference to the project that … ；末段可以寫到我們一貫強調的given all the points mentioned above, a conclusion can be drawn safely that…; 除此還有書信常用結尾語言：I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. 中間段落在給其項目進行總體規劃時，一定需要注意我們的總體條理和邏輯，灌上我們平常所強調的first and foremost…; in the meanwhile…; last but not least等邏輯連接詞使得文章結構清晰了然。并且寫作中還能運用到我們平日所積累的很多好詞好句，比如There is no denying that…; Taking … into account等給我們的作文語言潤色，從而從主到次從宏觀到微觀的使文章結構更為清晰，語言更為優美，并且内容更為充實。
由此可見，文章本不難，隻要我們能透過現象看到本質，熟練的應用我們平常所練習的寫作技巧和優美詞句，在規定的時間内寫出一篇高分作文其實是不難的。因此這也告訴所有即将踏入高三的學生們一個道理：高考考的一定是重點知識，因此對于平時所學的知識一定要舉一反三，靈活運用，熟練掌握各類議論文的寫作方法和思路，并将各種技巧進行遷移。隻有這樣，才能更高效的應對高考，最終事半功倍。
2011年的英語高考已經結束了，通過以上的内容解析，可以看出本次高考依舊秉承了沒有偏題怪題的命題思想，注重對學生英語基本知識的考查，但是在此基礎上又不乏創新，凸顯出上海高考穩中求變，變中求新的本質。由此可見，隻要學生平常在打牢基礎知識的同時，輔以重要的解題技巧和方法，并将積累的點點滴滴遷移至考試中，高考英語取得高分絕不是不可能的！
最後，附上2011上海高考聽力部分的文本，供廣大考生參考~
Section1.
1. W: It’s nice of you to come here to pick me up, Mr. Smith.
M: Don’t mention it. How was the flight?
Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?
2. W: I wonder if there is a service charge for our meal.
M: I think so. The menu said the service charge is 10%.
Q: How much is the service charge if the food costs 50 dollars?
3. M: Here is your room key and the checkout time is 12 noon.
W: Thanks for reminding me.
Q: What is the most probable relationship between the speakers?
4. W: Sorry, sir. We are working on your order right now and we’ll be delivering it soon.
M: Soon? How soon is soon?.
Q: How does the man feel?
5. M: Hi, Jane. It’s been ages. You haven’t changed a bit!
W: Except for the hair!
Q: What does the woman mean?
6. W: OK, Mathew. Time for bed.
M: But mom, the talent show is starting in 5 minutes.
Q: What does the man mean?
7. M: Hi, Jenny. How are you getting on with your packing?
W: I’m still deciding what to take with me.
Q: What can we learn about Jenny?
8. M: Everybody is here except John. Shall we start the meeting?
W: If we wait for John. We might be here all night.
Q: What does the woman mean?
9. M: I’m glad you are finally moving.
W: I can’t tell you how happy I am. I won’t have to listen to my neighbor’s TV.
Q: What can we learn about the woman?
10. M: Oh, we left our road map at home.
W: Well, since we haven’t gone very far. We might as well just turn around.
Q: What will the speakers probably do?
Section 2
Blank 11-13 are based on the following Passage.
The Common Wealth is a group of 54 countries. The member states all use English as a common working language and have similar legal and education systems, but represent nearly every religion, race and political system on the planet. The Common Wealth is active in a huge number of areas such as health and economics. The heads of government meeting is held every two years where the leaders of the member states get together to discuss current issues. Common Wealth Day is held in the second week of March every year when Common Wealth’s citizens, particularly children, have a chance to celebrate their friendship. The Common Wealth also holds sporting and arts events. There is an annual writer’s price and a yearly arts and crafts competition. Perhaps the most well-known event sponsored by organization is the Common Wealth games, which is held every four years in one of the member countries. The games have gained another name, the friendly games because of their reputation for good-natured competitiveness.
Q11: What do the member states of the Common Wealth have in common?
Q12: What do people do on Common Wealth Day according to the passage?
Q13: What is the passage mainly about?
Blank 14-16 are based on the following Passage.
There is a popular belief that a college education is something to be endured in order to become qualified to obtain certain kinds of jobs or to go to graduate school. This is not what we are trying to do at Harvard. The most obvious goal of a college education is to give knowledge, but it is far from the most important. Remarkably few of the facts you learn here will remain in your memory for many years, and some of those that do might be proved false by new knowledge. At Harvard, we have looked to other things we can give that will last a little longer. Among these things are certain habits of mind, such as the ability to have more critical analysis, to make more accurate and logical use of information and so forth. In addition to these habits of thought, it is our hope that we can help you develop certain attitudes of mind like a willingness to accept uncertainty and the lack of definite truth. Beyond providing these qualities, a college education should try to lay a foundation for the creative use of leisure time which can be cultivated in the classroom. Yet, the cultivation of this ability will also occur outside of the classroom. For example, on sports fields, in music rooms, and so on.
Q14: Which of the following is regarded as the most important at Harvard?
Q15: Which quality mentioned below can be cultivated both inside and outside the classroom?
Q16: What is the speech mainly about?
Section C
Blank 17-20 are based on the following conversation.
W: Good morning! Green Sense. Can I help you?
M: Hello, my name is Mary White and I want to complain about a sea food restaurant.
W: OK, can I take down your telephone number?
M: My phone number is 655038.
W: Good! So what would you like to complain about?
M: Actually two things. First, the restaurant dumps its rubbish on the street and you can imagine what that attracts---rats!
W: Right! I’ve got that! And the second problem?
M: The restaurant doesn’t put bottles and cans in recycling bins. It’s not responsible.
W: Got it! What’s the address of the sea food restaurant?
M: It’s
W: OK! We’ll look into it and call you back.
M: Thank you. Goodbye!
Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.
Blank 21-24 are based on the following conversation.
W: What’s the article about?
M: It’s basically about memory. And it says you’ve got three memories: short term, medium term and long term.
W: Um…
M: They say that short term memory lasts only a few seconds. So you just sort of read something and you remember the beginning of the sentence just until you get to the end of the sentence.
W: Um…
M: And then medium term memory. The example they give is something like trying to remember that you’ve got to buy bread.
W: Like a sort of a shopping list of things to do?
M: Yeah! After you buy bread, you don’t need to store that memory. So it’s erased.
W: Just sort of a day-to-day management.
M: Eh…then long-term memory. They are talking about the major events that happen in your life such as your wedding.
W: And you never forget them
M: Yeah…I suppose so. Permanent memory.
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